6. Recommendations to Strengthen Legal and Ethical Compliance

Kass, N. E., R. R. Faden, S. N. Goodman, P. Pronovost, S. Tunis and T. L. Beauchamp. 2013. The Distinction Between Research and Treatment: A Problematic Approach to Determining Which Activities Should Be Ethically Monitored. Hastings Center 43 report: S4-S15.

When it comes to ethics, none of us are perfect. We all fail, miss red flags, face risky moments of weakness and temptation. How can we mask, interpret or justify our unethical actions towards ourselves and, if necessary, towards others? Each of us probably has our own preferred strategies when we struggle to escape temptation. Pope and Vasquez (2011) discussed ways to identify and avoid some of the most common ways — including eight linguistic tricks, 22 cognitive justification strategies, and 22 logical errors in ethical reasoning — to turn ethically dubious or offensive options into seemingly acceptable choices. Emanuel, E. J., D. Wendler, and C. Grady. 2000.

The study was aware of the consequences of these measures: increased self-esteem, greater confidence in their ability to cope with future dilemmas, and a more ethical work environment. And perhaps most importantly, acting boldly has made them happier at work. Large multinationals strive to ensure fair and equitable working conditions for employees at all locations and in their joint venture, subcontracting and supply chain relationships. They set high standards of integrity and values that transcend borders, while being sensitive to local customs and adapt to them as necessary. Since many ethical dilemmas abroad are not easy to solve, best practice companies have the courage to stay true to their beliefs and imagination to create solutions that meet all the conditions. The good reputation of your company and the trust of stakeholders are two of the most important assets. If NASA decides that exemptions to existing health standards are ethically acceptable, the second part of a Level 1 analysis typically requires NASA to decide what process and criteria should be applied to determine whether an exemption should be granted to a particular mission. An ethically acceptable process for granting exemptions would require a strict set of evidence-based criteria to assess whether an engagement is eligible for an exception. The same criteria would apply to any mission that did not meet existing health standards. Depending on the ethical principles identified, the criteria for reviewing exemption applications could include requirements that the proposed mission: Integrating corporate citizenship into organizational decision-making enables businesses to respond to the needs and concerns of their various stakeholders. In this way, companies develop strategies that improve their performance, meet public expectations for a range of social and environmental goals, and strengthen relationships with stakeholders – a triple approach to doing business.

They aim to strike a balance between maximizing stakeholder value and maintaining genuine social responsibility. to astronauts, expressed through their loyalty and commitment to continuous learning and procedural fairness. When considering whether risks other than those permitted by existing health standards are ethically acceptable for long-haul and exploration spaceflight, NASA should consider factors such as whether alternative approaches to obtaining the desired information (e.g. unmanned space flight), whether delays in human spaceflight in the future would be likely to result in missions with similar benefits. with a significantly lower risk, if all feasible measures have been taken to minimize the risks related to technical or other controls, and if these missions are sufficiently urgent to justify risks to the health and safety of astronauts beyond existing limits. A strong work ethic makes business sense because employees want to work for a company they are proud of and with colleagues they know act with integrity. Potential customers or customers are also more likely to choose a company that can show how they behave ethically, as this adds the additional “well-being factor” to any business transaction. An ethical framework for decision-making management is not limited to the identification of applicable individual ethical principles.

Translating ethical principles into ethical guidelines usually requires specific actions by specific actors at several levels, including individual, administrative and societal. As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ponders how to address ethical issues related to health standards for long-term spaceflight and exploration, NASA and other policymakers face the additional responsibilities that come with decisions that allow individuals to accept health and safety risks that exceed generally recognized upper limits. Get out. This chapter discusses specific responsibilities arising from the ethical principles set out in Chapter 5 and calls for a decision-making framework for health standards for long-term space travel and exploration. The recommendations in this chapter include many elements that NASA has reviewed or is already implementing in its work on health standards for space travel. However, the adoption of the recommended responsibilities and decision-making framework not only introduces new processes and responsibilities, but also changes the context in which the existing components operate. In all types of cases, there is often a lot of competition from our colleagues. What sets your business apart from others becomes incredibly important, especially when it comes to how ethical and honest you are.

If, after consulting your network, you think something is wrong, it may be time to be brave and talk. Study officials repeatedly stressed the positive consequences of speaking out and at least trying to resolve their ethical dilemmas by staying true to their own personal values. Decisions about the objectives and objectives of a particular mission (e.g., the International Space Station for 12 months, the Moon, the near-Earth asteroid, Mars) involve a complex assessment of a mission`s compliance with the criteria set out at the first level of decision-making. In particular, an independent ethical review of the specific mission should examine any research showing that many organizations neglect the needs and opportunities to strengthen ethics. Barriers can make it difficult to recognize the need for stronger ethics and even more difficult to take effective action. These barriers include the organization`s misleading use of language, abuse of a code of ethics, culture of silence, justification strategies, institutional betrayal, and ethical errors. Ethical placebos tend to replace the steps to see, solve, and prevent problems. This article describes relevant research and specific steps that lead to change. Building a strong and diverse personal network According to the study, the leaders with the most useful resources in the face of an ethical dilemma are their own personal network.

This provides an informal sounding board and can highlight options and decisions that the leader may not have considered. When making ethical decisions, it is important to realize that your path is not the only way and that the choices you have imposed on yourself will have consequences that you will have to face. When NASA concludes that space missions that do not meet health standards are ethical, Stage 2 decisions focus on the health risks of certain proposed missions (see Boxes 6-2). If a deployment meets the criteria set out in Step 1, the scope of the exemption for health standards (e.g., excessive exposure limits) would be determined on a mission-based basis for the missions. When companies create an ethical environment guided by the example and commitment of all levels of management, they perform better financially, have higher rates of employee retention and satisfaction, and are more likely to make better decisions than organizations that do not actively ensure high ethical performance.